How structural speckle patterns survive in oceanic turbulence: design, analysis, and application in computational ghost imaging

Abstract Computational ghost imaging faces significant performance degradation in dynamic oceanic turbulence. This study proposes a ‘orthogonal basis + controllable randomization’ principle to design robust speckle patterns. We establish a multi-level evaluation system to analyze six types of speckles, revealing a dual mechanism: orthogonality suppresses mode degradation while randomization enhances turbulence adaptability. Results demonstrate that the synergistic design (e.g. orthogonal random speckle) significantly outperforms classical orthogonal speckles in maintaining structural integrity and suppressing crosstalk under strong turbulence. Furthermore, different randomization strategies (global vs block-wise) offer adaptable performance trade-offs between stability and fidelity. This work addresses the lack of dynamic optimization criteria in speckle design, providing a potential solution for high-resolution underwater imaging.