Metabolites of Food Bioactives Targeting Post-Translational Modifications in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), and myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI), are the most prevalent and deadly chronic diseases worldwide. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can dynamically regulate the activity, localization, and interactions of key proteins in the cardiovascular system, thereby controlling core pathological processes of CVDs. This work systematically summarizes the mechanisms of action of various natural products (NPs) and their analogues derived from daily foods or medicinal plants, including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and amides. These NPs can improve CVDs by regulating the levels of the PTMs. Not only does it clarify the regulatory role of metabolite-mediated PTMs in the pathological process of CVDs, but it also elucidates the molecular mechanism by which NPs improve CVDs by targeting PTMs. This provides an important theoretical basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of CVDs, as well as for the development of NPs drugs targeting PTMs.