The Evolution of 2D Metal–Organic Frameworks (2D MOFs): Foundations and Future Prospects for Next-Generation Lubricant Additive Design

The ongoing shift toward energy efficiency and sustainable transportation has intensified the demand for advanced lubrication technologies capable of reducing frictional losses and enhancing mechanical durability. In this context, lubricant additives have emerged as critical components for improving the performance of base oils under extreme operating conditions. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), with its crystalline porous architecture and tunable physicochemical properties, offer a novel class of additives with significant potential in tribological applications. Their high surface area, structural versatility, and thermal stability enable them to form robust protective films, minimize wear, and provide long-term performance even in demanding environments. MOFs also exhibit low electrical and high thermal conductivity, which makes them especially well-suited for modern lubrication challenges, including those posed by electric vehicle (EV) systems. This review presents an in-depth exploration of MOF-based lubricant additives and their composites, focusing on their tribological behaviors, interaction mechanisms, and potential for achieving superlubricity. It also examines the evolving role of MOFs in addressing lubrication requirements specific to EVs, such as thermal management and material compatibility. By highlighting recent advancements and future prospects, this review underscores the promise of MOF-based materials as next-generation additives for efficient, environmentally friendly lubrication strategies.