Stress-Tolerant, Recyclable, and Renewable Biocatalyst Platform Enabled by Engineered Bacterial Spores

recombinant enzymes per spore, robust catalytic activity of displayed enzymes comparable to the respective free enzymes, and enhanced kinetic stability of displayed enzymes in methanol and elevated temperatures. Furthermore, we demonstrate TIED enzymes to be not only recyclable but also fully renewable after the loss of activity through induction of germination and sporulation, enabling perpetual regeneration of these immobilized biocatalysts.