Near Infrared-Absorbing Nanoparticle-Mediated Endovascular Photothermal Precision Embolization of Tumor Feeding Vessels for Starvation Treatment

within 5 min in both 2D cell culture and a 3D tumor spheroid model. We verify the feasibility of EPPE in an ex vivo organ-structured recellularized liver model and further confirm the in vivo efficacy of the photothermal treatment in a rat liver model. The photothermal treatment combined with the embolization effect holds promise to serve as an effective starvation therapy to treat tumors of varying sizes and locations.