Advanced Micro/Nanostructure Silicon-Based Anode Materials for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Liquid- to Solid-State Batteries

Silicon, revered for its remarkably high specific capacity (3579 mAh/g), stands poised as a prime contender to supplant conventional graphite anodes. In the pursuit of the next generation of high-energy lithium-ion batteries for the burgeoning domain of renewable energy, silicon anodes have garnered considerable attention. However, the substantial challenges arising from volumetric expansion during charge–discharge cycles have severely impeded the industrial-scale application of silicon anodes, giving rise to issues such as compromised cycling stability and diminished Coulombic efficiency. For the more industrially compatible realm of microscale silicon, the academic community has proffered an array of strategic solutions to surmount these impediments. This comprehensive exposition embarks upon a systematic survey of the research progress about micro/nano structure silicon anodes, spanning from liquid-state to solid-state battery architectures. In the realm of liquid-state batteries, we distill the quintessence of material structure design strategies for micro/nano structure silicon anodes, along with holistic enhancements encompassing prelithiation, binder formulations, electrolyte modulation, and allied battery system facets. Transitioning into the sphere of solid-state batteries, this discourse bifurcates into quasi-solid-state and all-solid-state dimensions. A pioneering consolidation delineates the current research landscape of micro/nano structure silicon anodes within the domain of solid-state batteries. While the recent ascendancy of micro/nano structure silicon anodes within solid-state battery research is undeniable, myriad challenges yet necessitate resolution. Conclusively, drawing from the contemporary trajectory of micro/nano structure silicon anodes development, this discourse proffers both a forward-looking perspective and cogent recommendations for forthcoming research endeavors.