Driving Aggressively or Conservatively? Investigating the Effects of Automated Vehicle Interaction Type and Road Event on Drivers’ Trust and Preferred Driving Style

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of automated vehicle (AV) interaction mode on drivers' trust and preferred driving styles in response to pedestrian- and traffic-related road events. BACKGROUND: The rising popularity of AVs highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the factors that influence trust in AV. Trust is a crucial element, particularly because current AVs are only partially automated and may require manual takeover; miscalibrated trust could have an adverse effect on safe driver-vehicle interaction. However, before attempting to calibrate trust, it is vital to comprehend the factors that contribute to trust in automation. METHODS: Thirty-six individuals participated in the experiment. Driving scenarios incorporated adaptive SAE Level 2 AV algorithms, driven by participants' event-based trust in AVs and preferences for AV driving styles. The study measured participants' trust, preferences, and the number of takeover behaviors. RESULTS: Higher levels of trust and preference for more aggressive AV driving styles were found in response to pedestrian-related events compared to traffic-related events. Furthermore, drivers preferred the trust-based adaptive mode and had fewer takeover behaviors than the preference-based adaptive and fixed modes. Lastly, participants with higher trust in AVs favored more aggressive driving styles and made fewer takeover attempts. CONCLUSION: Adaptive AV interaction modes that depend on real-time event-based trust and event types may represent a promising approach to human-automation interaction in vehicles. APPLICATION: Findings from this study can support future driver- and situation-aware AVs that can adapt their behavior for improved driver-vehicle interaction.