Alterations of retinal microvascular density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Our findings indicate that individuals with COPD exhibit reduced vessel densities both within macular regions and at the optic nerve head area, thereby suggesting that OCTA metrics can serve as a potential auxiliary tool for diagnosing COPD due to their non-invasive nature and rapid assessment capabilities, especially if confounding diseases that can also affect retinal vessel densities are considered with care.