Podophyllotoxin-induced acute kidney injury via the HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis in SD rats based on the toxicological evidence chain (TEC) concept via multiomic analysis

Podophyllotoxin induces AKI through activation of the HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study revealed HMGB1-mediated signaling as a key mechanism underlying the nephrotoxic effects of podophyllotoxin, identifying potential therapeutic targets to mitigate its toxicity and improve its clinical applicability.