Enhancing the stability and efficiency of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells by theophylline-BF4− alkaloid derivatives, a theoretical-experimental approach

) (0.95 V), leading to significant improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 15.04% compared to control devices (13.6%). Notably, films exposed to controlled humidity of 30% using the tetrafluoroborinated additive maintained their stability for more than 600 hours (h), while the control films were stable for less than 240 hours (h).