The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 in Ovarian Cancer Progression

Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecological malignancy, due to its difficult diagnosis and poor survival rate in afflicted patients. Increased metastatic rate characteristic of ovarian cancer is regulated by a specific class of zinc-dependent endopeptidases known as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that aid in tissue invasion to secondary organs. Among the 23 types of MMPs, MMP2 and MMP9 are significantly expressed in ovarian cancer cells. MMP levels are modulated by other growth factors, transcription factors, metabolites, chronic stress, and their naturally occurring inhibitors, TIMPs, or tissue inhibitors of MMPs. Studies have shown that MMP2 and MMP9 are found in high levels in the plasma, serum, and urine of ovarian cancer patients, along with the most popular marker, CA-125. To block the action of MMPs, several peptidomimetic drugs, as well as natural products, are being developed and tested in clinical trials. This chapter focuses on the importance of MMP2 and MMP9 in ovarian cancer and depicts the different classes of inhibitors available to block their function.