A comprehensive review of multisource solid wastes in sustainable concrete: From material properties to engineering application

Considering the environmental problems caused by storing massive solid waste, the need for harmless disposal of multielement solid waste has become increasingly urgent. This waste can be repurposed for use in the construction materials industry, offering a sustainable recycling solution. Notably, various types of solid waste have demonstrated promising applications in concrete, mineral admixtures, aggregate, and alkaline activators. This article delves into the unique properties of multielement solid waste and provides a comprehensive overview of current research efforts aimed at integrating solid waste into concrete. Furthermore, it examines the intricate interactions between cementitious materials, alkali-activators, and aggregates in concrete, offering a detailed mechanistic understanding. The study also summarizes current engineering applications of solid waste materials and suggests potential future research directions. Solid waste concrete offers remarkable environmental, economic, and sustainability benefits, pointing to a promising future for its industrialization.