An outlook on the target‐based molecular mechanism of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators

Abstract The immune system is one of the essential defense mechanisms. Immune system inadequacy increases the risk of infections and cancer diseases, whereas over‐activation of the immune system causes allergies or autoimmune disorders. Immunomodulators have been used in the treatment of immune‐related diseases. There is growing interest in using herbal medicines as multicomponent agents to modulate the complex immune system in immune‐related diseases. Many therapeutic phytochemicals showed immunomodulatory effects by various mechanisms. This mechanism includes stimulation of lymphoid cell, phagocytosis, macrophage, and cellular immune function enhancement. In addition increased antigen‐specific immunoglobulin production, total white cell count, and inhibition of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, NF‐kB, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and other cytokines that influenced the immune system. This review aims to overview, widely investigated plant‐derived phytoconstituents by targeting cells to modulate cellular and humoral immunity in in vivo and in vitro. However, further high‐quality research is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of plant‐based immunomodulators.