Diacerein mitigates adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in rats: Focus on TLR4/MYD88/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious problem which negatively affects human health.The purpose of this investigation was to explore the possible beneficial impacts of diacerein on adenine-induced CKD in rats.32 male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into 4 groups; normal, diseased (200 mg/kg adenine, orally) and diacerein (25 and 50 mg/kg, orally).Adenine produced marked reduction in rats' body weights and a substantial increase in kidney/body weight index. Additionally, adenine significantly increased serum creatinine and BUN levels besides proteinuria levels, and also reduced creatinine clearance. Adenine induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased MDA content and diminished GSH concentration in renal tissues. These biochemical measurements were confirmed by the morphological and histopathological results. Moreover, adenine revealed substantial elevation in renal level and expression of MYD88, TRAF6 and TNF-α, and renal level of IL-1β in addition to increased expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 while reduced the expression of IκB-α. Diacerein in a dose-dependent manner effectively ameliorated adenine-induced alterations.Diacerein could be used as a therapeutic agent to attenuate CKD after further clinical studies.