Anti-swelling and adhesive hydrogels enable amphibious sensors with long-lasting conductivity, adhesion and robustness

An amphibious sensor was designed. The mechanical properties (tensile stress = 215 kPa, adhesive strength = 15 kPa) and sensing performances (electric conductivity = 17.9 mS m −1 , gauge factor = 1.2) were stable after immersing in water for a month.