AI-powered language learning: Developing the chatGPT usage scale for foreign language learners

Abstract This study introduces the "ChatGPT Usage Scale for Foreign Language Learners," designed to evaluate the usage of AI chatbots in language learning. The scale was developed based on a comprehensive literature review and expert evaluations, ensuring a strong theoretical foundation and content validity. It comprises three sub-dimensions Usability, Learning, and Development that collectively explain 62.896% of the total variance, exceeding standard expectations. Data were collected from 1006 university students (657 female, 349 male) from foreign language departments at three Turkish state universities during the 2023–2024 fall semester. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.93) and validity, supported by robust Confirmatory Factor Analysis results. A test–retest analysis with a subset of participants confirmed the scale's reliability over time. Future research should apply this measurement tool in diverse educational contexts to enhance its generalizability and further refine its psychometric properties, providing deeper insights into the role of AI tools in language education.