A comprehensive review of the formation, properties, and applications of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional Portland cement due to its reduced carbon footprint and improved performance characteristics. This comprehensive review explores the formation, properties, and applications of LC3, aiming to provide a detailed understanding of its potential in sustainable construction practices. The review begins with an overview of the raw materials involved in LC3 production, highlighting the synergistic effects of limestone and calcined clay in enhancing cementitious properties and reducing clinker content. Structural and chemical transformations during the calcination and hydration processes are discussed, emphasizing the role of supplementary cementitious materials in optimizing cement performance. The mechanical, durability, and environmental attributes of LC3 are critically examined, showcasing its superior strength development, resistance to chloride ingress, and lower energy consumption compared to traditional cements. Applications of LC3 in various construction sectors, including residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects, are elucidated, demonstrating its versatility and potential for global adoption. Furthermore, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and economic feasibility are addressed alongside future research directions aimed at advancing LC3 technology. This review consolidates recent advancements and establishes LC3 as a viable solution for sustainable cement production, offering insights into its transformative impact on the construction industry and environmental sustainability.