Bioorthogonal probes for L-form conversion visualization and insights into antimicrobial resistance

, resulting in a 4.9-fold increase in fluorescence intensity. This platform exhibited excellent labeling of peptidoglycan in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (signal-to-noise ratio: 15 to 305), effectively capturing the transition from N-form to L-form. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of 14 kinds of antibiotics on L-form conversion and found 13 of them induced CWDB. Besides, we explored the relationship between L-form conversion and AMR. This research enhances our understanding of bacterial adaptations and resistance mechanisms, paving the way for innovative strategies to combat drug-resistant infections.