Application of Controlled-Source Audio-Frequency Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) for Subsurface Structural Characterization of Wadi Rum, Southwest Jordan

The UNESCO World Heritage Centre announced in 2011 that the Wadi Rum Protected Area (WRPA) is a global landmark for natural and cultural attraction, which represents an emerging industrial suburban and a critical socio-economic significance to the country of Jordan. The study area in Wadi Rum is located northeast of the Gulf of Aqaba between the African and Arabian plates. The region is historically characterized by significant tectonic activity and seismic events. This study focuses on characterizing the subsurface structural features of Wadi Rum through the application of the geophysical method of controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT). CSAMT data were collected from 16 sounding stations, processed, and qualitatively interpreted. The qualitative interpretation involved two main approaches: constructing sounding curves for each station and generating apparent resistivity maps at fixed depths (frequencies). The results revealed the presence of at least four distinct subsurface layers. The surface layer exhibited relatively low resistivity values (<200 Ω·m), corresponding to alluvial and wadi sediments, as well as mud flats. Two intermediate layers were identified: the first showed very low resistivity values (80–100 Ω·m), likely due to medium-grained bedded sandstone, while the second displayed intermediate resistivity values (100–800 Ω·m), representing coarse basal conglomerates and coarse sandstone formations. The deepest layer demonstrated very high resistivity values (>1000 Ω·m), which were likely attributed to basement rocks. Analysis of resistivity maps, combined with prior geological information, indicates that the subsurface in the study area features a graben-like structure, characterized by two detected faults trending in the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) directions. The findings of this study, by providing critical insights into the subsurface structure, make a considerable contribution to the urban sustainability of the region, which is necessary for the careful assessment of potential hazards and the strategic planning of future infrastructure development within the protected area.