Effects of different types of exercise over 24 weeks on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Exercise interventions have site- and modality-specific effects on BMD in PMW. Combined exercise modalities, such as MBEx_Re and Multimodal, may offer superior benefits for improving BMD, while single modality interventions remain effective at specific sites. Longer intervention durations (≥52 weeks) appear to promote more consistent and sustained improvements. These findings offer clinically relevant guidance for tailoring exercise prescriptions in the prevention and management of osteoporosis. Incorporating combined modalities, particularly those that integrate strength, balance, and neuromuscular coordination, may offer superior benefits for bone health, which may positively contribute to reducing osteoporotic fractures.