Intelligent optoelectronics and electronics based on electrospinning technology

control of crystallinity, defect engineering, and heterostructure design, demonstrating how these microscale strategies enhance device performance and multifunctionality. Furthermore, we discuss broader implications and persistent technological bottlenecks in ES technology, identifying key opportunities for future research. Finally, we emphasize the need for precise multi-scale engineering and innovative designs to advance ES NFs toward intelligent, multifunctional, and commercially viable applications.