Revisiting Rotating (Ring-) Disk Electrodes: Versatile Characterization Platforms in Modern Electrochemistry

Abstract Rotating electrodes, notably rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes, are fundamental analytical tools for studying electrochemical reactions. They are most employed to benchmark activity and selectivity in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. However, this application represents only a small fraction of their broader capabilities. This review presents rotating electrodes as versatile characterization platforms in electrochemistry by highlighting their expanding applications across diverse electrochemical systems. We first summarize the theoretical foundations of rotating-electrode analysis, providing an intuitive grasp of the fundamentals. We then discuss their recent applications in electrocatalysis, rechargeable batteries, and sensing, illustrating how rotating electrodes provide mechanistic insights into electrode processes and interfacial environments. Finally, recognizing that rotating-electrode characterization is still evolving and faces important challenges, we discuss these challenges and propose possible directions to improve rotating-electrode analysis. By linking classical theory, modern applications, and future opportunities, this review aims to position rotating electrodes as still-evolving platforms for quantitative interrogation of electrochemical processes and interfaces.