Manipulating Local Chemistry of Phosphorus for High-Performance Sodium Ion Battery Anode Applications

The manipulation of the chemical environment of P by forming phosphorus-titania–carbon (P–TiO 2 –C) composite leads to a high-performance anode material with a reversible capacity of 1147 mA h g –1 at a current density of 100 mA g –1, a high rate capacity retention of 81.5% for charging/discharging rate increasing from 100 to 1000 mA g –1, and a good cycle stability (540 mA h g –1 at a current density of 1 A g –1 is maintained after 100 cycles). The excellent electrochemical properties of the composite anode originate from the changed chemical states of both TiO 2 and P, providing an effective strategy in designing high-performance sodium ion battery anode materials.