Sex differences in risk of developing Alzheimer Disease and cognitive outcomes

Abstract Background The prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is growing rapidly within the aging population with over five million people currently affected in the United States. Of these 5 million people, approximately two‐thirds are females. Prior investigations have demonstrated that females have a higher likelihood of developing AD when compared to men. The present study sought to investigate participants from the Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC) to determine if sex impacts an individual’s risk of developing dementia. Method 3231 prospectively recruited participants from were classified as demented or non‐demented based on scores on the Clinical Dementia Rating ® (CDR®). Of the 3231 participants, 58.4 percent were female. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to compare the rate of developing dementia as a function of self‐reported sex. Models additionally determine if apolipoprotein ε4 ( APOE ) carriers were at a greater risk of developing dementia. We further evaluated the interaction between sex and APOE status and the likelihood of developing dementia. Baseline age was included as an additional covariate. Results Participants had mean of 5.92 years of longitudinal cognitive follow‐up. Females did not demonstrate an increased risk of developing dementia compared to males (Hazard ratio = 0.874, p = 0.149). Age at baseline was a significant predictor of conversion to dementia (Hazard ratio = 1.100, p≤0.001), as was ε4 carriers status (Hazard ratio = 1.64, p≤0.001). The interaction between female sex and APOE status was not a significant predictor of conversion to dementia (Hazard ratio = 1.034, p = 0.863). Conclusion Female participants did not demonstrate an increased risk of developing all cause dementia compared to male participants.