Sustainable Urban Greening in Cold Cities: A Multi-Objective Framework for Energy Savings, Emission Reduction, and Cost Optimization

Energy consumption, climate change, and economic risks are global focal points. As a result, there has been a focus on integrated benefit assessment of energy, carbon emissions and cost effectiveness in the energy-intensive building sector. Considering the importance and sensitivity of residential buildings in terms of energy consumption and environmental issues, as well as the economic problems of developing countries, the aim of this study is to select the optimal urban green coverage over the life cycle. In this study, the multi-objective optimization model was developed for urban greening strategies and building configurations in cold climates, integrating energy efficiency, carbon reduction, and economic effectiveness. Integrated benefit assessment model. The results indicate that E&W and SE&NW orientations achieve higher energy savings, while the S&N orientation with a GCR of 20-30% offers the best overall efficiency. Sensitivity analyses (Morris, PRCC, and Sobol) identify key factors influencing benefits, with GCR and C1 having the greatest impact. This framework offers practical guidance for urban planners to balance environmental and economic benefits, emphasizing the role of greening in addressing rapid urbanization and global warming.