Progress and perspectives of metal (Li, Na, Al, Zn and K)–CO2 batteries

Combined with the dual characteristics of advanced energy storage and effective carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion, metal–carbon dioxide (M–CO2) batteries are regarded as a potential candidate for next generation devices. Although the technology has made great progress from the beginning of development to now, the M–CO2 battery faces a series of challenges in practical applications, such as poor capacity and rate capability, high polarizability, low CO2 conversion efficiency, short cycle life and so on. In order to understand the latest progress of M–CO2 batteries and promote their development, this paper systematically summarizes, compares and discusses the development of M–CO2 battery based on metal (lithium [Li], sodium [Na], aluminum [Al], zinc [Zn] and potassium [K]) anode, including M–CO2 battery reaction mechanism, cathode/electrocatalyst, electrolyte, metal anode, etc. The effects of functional materials such as electrodes and electrolytes on the stability and rate of electrode reaction are emphatically expounded, and the prospect and direction of reasonable construction of M–CO2 battery materials are prospected, so as to provide guidance for the development of M–CO2 battery.