Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a health hazard: Current state of knowledge and strategies in environmental settings across Asia and future perspectives

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of fluorinated organic chemicals considered as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) produced by a variety of industries. Owing to their unique chemical features, long-term environmental persistence, mobility and bioaccumulation potential, PFAS pose significant environmental and health concern. Studies have confirmed the occurrence of these compounds in drinking water, air, soil, and plants at nanogram to milligram levels, often also far from their recognized origins. Recently, several studies have addressed the health impacts of PFAS, leading to regulatory guidelines for use and production of these substances, particularly in developed countries. However, in most low-to -middle income countries, including in Asia, where chances of exposure and laxity in regulations are high, regulations are yet to be established. This is concerning as population in Asia has surpassed ∼ 4.6 billion, leading massive growth in consumption demand, thus increase in PFAS production. As a result, this region faces much higher risk from these chemicals compared to the western world. Considering above facts, current review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of current knowledge on PFAS and its precursors in Asian environmental settings, as well as the regulatory actions to control undesired health risk posed by these chemicals. Finally, significant gaps in current research and ideas for resolving key uncertainties are critically discussed.