Enhancing antitumor immunity through the combination of cholesterolized TLR7 agonist liposomes and radiotherapy: a role for IL‐1β and the inflammasome pathway

Abstract Background Radiotherapy (RT) is a key treatment modality in cancer therapy, utilizing high‐energy radiation to directly kill tumor cells. Recent research has increasingly highlighted RT's potential to indirectly enhance antitumor immunity. However, this immune activation alone often fails to generate sustained systemic antitumor responses. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of combining cholesterolized toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist liposomes, specifically 1V209‐Cho‐Lip, with RT. Methods Mouse tumor models were used to assess the impact of combining 1V209‐Cho‐Lip with RT on tumor progression and modification of the tumor microenvironment. In vitro, primary mouse bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were utilized to investigate changes in function and the activated pathways through RNA sequencing. Additionally, we explored the role of oxidized mitochondrial DNA (ox‐mtDNA) released from irradiated tumor cells as a damage‐associated molecular pattern in modulating immune responses. The involvement of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and the inflammasome pathway in the antitumor efficacy of the combined treatment was evaluated using Il‐1β −/− and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 knockout ( Casp1 −/− ) mouse models. Results The combination of 1V209‐Cho‐Lip and RT significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced antitumor immunity in tumor models. This combination therapy enhanced maturation, antigen presentation and IL‐1β secretion of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Ox‐mtDNA released from irradiated tumor cells synergized with 1V209‐Cho‐Lip to activate the inflammasome pathway in DCs. The antitumor effect of the combined therapy was significantly reduced in Il‐1β −/− and Casp1 −/− mice. Conclusions This study suggests that the combination of 1V209‐Cho‐Lip with RT might be a promising antitumor strategy and further studies are warranted to explore the clinical relevance of this combination therapy.