Current Developments in Biosensor Applications and Smart Strategies

Recent advances in biosensors have been driven by growing interest in biotechnological solutions. By transforming analyte concentrations into electrical impulses, these sensors assess biological elements such as proteins, enzymes, viruses, glucose, and adrenaline. Applications, including heavy metal ion analysis, drug testing, and biomarker detection, are perfect for them. This book chapter will explore sensitive biological systems that can be integrated with transducers using diverse physical and chemical methods in biosensor applications. It will also discuss various classifications of biosensors, including electrochemical, thermal, electrical, optical, biological, magnetic, mechanical, and colorimetric. Electrochemical biosensors generate electrical signals from enzymatic reactions, offering benefits like ease of use, low production costs, and the ability to detect various biomolecules. The advantages of nanomaterial-based sensors will also be thoroughly examined. Moreover, recent developments in colorimetric biosensors utilizing smartphones—equipped with optical imaging systems and various sensors like heart rate monitors and fingerprint scanners—highlight their potential. With their data processing and image capture capabilities, smartphones are positioned to enhance the functionality of colorimetric biosensors. This chapter reviews the latest advancements and current approaches in biosensor development.