Growth hormone treatment in aged patients with comorbidities: A systematic review

Hormonal substitution with growth hormone in aged patients remains a debated research topic and is rarely initiated in clinical practice. This reluctance may originate from concerns about adverse effects and the uncritical use as an anti-aging agent. Nevertheless, beneficial effects for selected patients suffering from certain acute and chronic illnesses could justify its use at an advanced age. This systematic review analyzes randomized controlled studies of GH interventions in older patients with different comorbidities to assess both, beneficial and harmful effects. A systematic search strategy was implemented to identify relevant studies from PubMed, MEDLINE, and The Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria: participants aged over 65 years, randomized controlled trials involving human growth hormone (GH) and presence of at least one additional comorbidity independent of a flawed somatotropic axis. The eight eligible studies encompassed various comorbidities including osteoporosis, frailty, chronic heart failure, hip fracture, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hemodialysis. Outcomes varied, including changes in body composition, physical performance, strength, bone mineral density, cardiovascular parameters, quality of life and housing situation. Study protocols differed greatly in GH application frequency (daily, 2nd day or 3×/week), doses (0.41 mg-2.6 mg; mean 1.3 mg per 60 kg patient) and duration (1-12 months; mean 7 months). Mild dose-related side effects were reported, alongside noticeable positive impacts particularly on body composition, functionality, and quality of life. Despite limited evidence, GH treatment might offer diverse benefits with few adverse effects. Further research with IGF-I dependent indication and clear outcomes, incorporating IGF-I dependent GH titration in older adults is warranted.