Low pulse pressure and high serum complement C1q are risk factors for hemodialysis headache: A case–control study

Abstract Background and Objective Hemodialysis headache (HDH) is a common complication of dialysis that negatively affects the patient's quality of life. The etiology and triggering factors of HDH are not fully understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence and characteristics of HDH among patients undergoing hemodialysis across multiple centers in China. Furthermore, we conducted a case–control study at one hospital to identify risk factors associated with HDH. Methods The study consisted of two phases including a cross‐sectional observational study and a case–control study. Participants underwent neurological examinations and interviews. Demographic and medical information were collected from both medical records and patient files. Serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), plasma osmolarity, glucose, C1q, and a variety of electrolytes including potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured before and after dialysis. Blood pressure variables including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure (PP), and heart rate were monitored hourly. Serum levels of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐10 were quantified using a double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The prevalence of HDH was 37.7% (183/485). HDH was characterized by a bilateral tightening headache of moderate intensity and duration of <2 h, occurring in different locations. The case–control study included 50 patients with HDH and 84 control patients, pre‐dialysis PP was found to be lower in the HDH group than in the control group (mean ± standard deviation 51.5 ± 18.2 vs. 67.9 ± 14.9, p = 0.027). Furthermore, the pre‐dialysis serum complement C1q level was significantly higher for the HDH group than the control group (median and interquartile range 201.5 [179.0–231.5] vs. 189.0 [168.9–209.0], p = 0.021). Pre‐dialysis PP was associated with 5.1% decreased odds of HDH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–0.99, p = 0.026), body weight was associated with a 5.4% decreased risk of HDH (OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.99, p = 0.013), and pre‐dialysis C1q levels increased the odds of HDH by 1.9% (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.03, p = 0.005). Conclusion Low PP, low body weight, and high blood complement C1q may be potential risk factors associated with HDH.