Transplanted MSCs promote alveolar bone repair via hypoxia‐induced extracellular vesicle secretion

Abstract Object Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a potential strategy for promoting alveolar bone regeneration. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms of transplanted MSCs on alveolar bone repair. Methods Mouse alveolar bone defect model was treated using mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation. The bone repair was evaluated by micro‐CT and Masson staining. The conditioned medium of hypoxia‐treated BMSCs was co‐cultured with normal BMSCs in vitro to detect the regulatory effect of transplanted MSCs on the chemotactic and migratory functions of host cells. The mechanisms were investigated using Becn siRNA transfection and western blotting. Results BMSC transplantation promoted bone defect regeneration. The hypoxic microenvironment induces BMSCs to release multiple extracellular vesicle (EV)‐mediated regulatory proteins that promote the migration of host stem cells. Protein array analysis, western blotting, GFP‐LC3 detection, and Becn siRNA transfection confirmed that autophagy activation in BMSCs plays a key role during this process. Conclusion The local hypoxic microenvironment induces transplanted MSCs to secrete a large number of EV‐mediated regulatory proteins, thereby upregulating the migration function of the host stem cells and promoting alveolar bone defect regeneration. This process depends on the autophagy‐related mechanism of the transplanted MSCs.