Esketamine Monotherapy in Adults With Treatment-Resistant Depression

Importance Esketamine nasal spray, administered in conjunction with an oral antidepressant, is approved for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, the efficacy of esketamine nasal spray administered as monotherapy for patients with TRD has not yet been evaluated. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of esketamine monotherapy compared to placebo in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with TRD. Design, Setting, and Participants This phase 4, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 2020 to January 2024 at 51 outpatient centers in the US. Adults with major depressive disorder ( DSM-5 criteria) without psychotic features who experienced inadequate response (≤25% improvement) to 2 or more oral antidepressants during the current depressive episode were eligible for inclusion. Data analyses were conducted from March 1, 2024, to July 8, 2024. Interventions After a 2-week or longer antidepressant-free period, participants were randomized at a 1:1:2 ratio to fixed-dose intranasal esketamine (56 mg or 84 mg) or matching intranasal placebo, administered twice weekly for 4 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to day 28 (primary efficacy end point) and to 24 hours post–first dose (day 2; key secondary efficacy end point) were analyzed by a mixed-effects model using repeated measures. Results In this multicenter randomized clinical trial, 378 participants who met prerandomization MADRS severity criteria received 1 or more study drug doses (esketamine, 56 mg [n = 86]; esketamine, 84 mg [n = 95]; or placebo [n = 197]). Mean (SD) participant age was 45.4 (14.1) years, 231 participants (61.1%) were female, and baseline mean (range) MADRS total score was 37.3 (28-50). At day 28, the least-square (LS) mean difference (SE) between esketamine and placebo was −5.1 (1.42) (95% CI, −7.91 to −2.33) for the 56-mg dose and −6.8 (1.38) (95% CI, −9.48 to −4.07) for the 84-mg dose (for each, 2-sided P < .001). Observed effect sizes were 0.48 and 0.63 for the 56-mg and 84-mg dose groups, respectively. At day 2 (approximately 24 hours post–first dose), the between-group difference was significant for both esketamine doses: −3.8 (1.29) (95% CI, −6.29 to −1.22; 2-sided P = .004) for 56 mg and −3.4 (1.24) (95% CI, −5.89 to −1.00; 2-sided P = .006) for 84 mg. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events reported for esketamine (combined doses) were nausea (56 participants [24.8%]), dissociation (55 [24.3%]), dizziness (49 [21.7%]), and headache (43 [19.0%]). Conclusions and Relevance According to results of this multicenter, double-blind randomized clinical trial, esketamine monotherapy may expand treatment options for adult patients with TRD by addressing an unmet need of patients experiencing treatment-limiting tolerability concerns and nonresponse with oral antidepressants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04599855