Development of laccase-like nanozymes and the analytical applications in conjunction with emerging sensing technologies

Laccase-like nanozymes, as a significant category of nanozymes, have garnered considerable research attention. Studies primarily focused on the exploration of new nanozymes with laccase-like activity. However, in recent years, the diversity of small-molecule ligands (biological and abiotic) and the rapid advancement of pollutant sensing technologies have contributed to the growing interest in integrating laccase-like nanozymes into various novel analytical applications. This review summarized the laccase-like nanozymes prepared from copper and small-molecule ligands, especially the abiotic ligands over the last three years for the first time. The review further highlights novel intelligent analytical methods based on nanozymes in conjunction with emerging sensing technologies, such as machine learning-assisted sensor arrays, logic gates and time-temperature indicators. We propose possible future directions for the development of laccase-like nanozymes in the hope of deepening the understanding of laccase-like nanozymes by researchers in the fields of food safety, environmental management, etc., and enhancing the application potential of laccase-like nanozymes.