miR-423-5p-enriched small extracellular vesicles drive periodontal regeneration via Sfrp2+ cell expansion

osteogenic fibroblasts at periodontal defect sites, ultimately facilitating early osteogenesis and regeneration of a native-like cementum-PDL-alveolar bone complex. These findings establish miR-423-5p as a pivotal osteoinductive effector in sEVs and demonstrate that its targeted enrichment markedly amplifies the regenerative capacity of sEVs, laying the groundwork for personalized nanovesicle-based regenerative therapies.