Confined Growth of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets with Controlled Thickness for Osmotic Energy Conversion

) and outperforming most previously reported membranes of comparable thickness based on 2D COFs or other 2D nanosheets. Moreover, the method can be extended to reactions involving different monomers or inorganic substrates, facilitating the preparation of diverse 2D polymers and their inorganic hybrids. This adsorption layer-confined growth of 2D CONs paves the way for efficient preparation and advanced applications of 2D polymeric materials.