Resonance energy transfer in electrochemiluminescent and photoelectrochemical bioanalysis

Resonance energy transfer (RET) has been universally recognized as a powerful technique for probing a variety of biological processes since its discovery. Particularly, electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) and photoelectrochemistry resonance energy transfer (PEC-RET) have drawn increasing attention as promising analytical approaches due to their high sensitivity and low background signal. In this review, recent advances in the development of ECL-RET and PEC-RET biosensors are summarized, with emphasis on different formats of RET signaling strategies in both fields. This review also highlights the representative applications of ECL-RET and PEC-RET in various areas of importance. Finally, we give an outlook on the future development of ECL-RET and PEC-RET biosensors.