Working memory training effects across the lifespan: Evidence from human and experimental animal studies

• Working memory (WM) could be enhanced by training across all ages in rodents, non-human primates and humans. • WM training could lead to changes in other cognitive functions primarily in adult individuals, both in rodents and humans. • WM training increases neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), modifies synaptic strength and density. • WM training induces adaptations in the neural circuit between the PFC and other brain areas. Working memory refers to a cognitive function that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for complex cognitive tasks. Due to its central role in general cognition, several studies have investigated the possibility that training on working memory tasks could improve not only working memory function but also increase other cognitive abilities or modulate other behaviors. This possibility is still highly controversial, with prior studies providing contradictory findings. The lack of systematic approaches and methodological shortcomings complicates this debate even more. This review highlights the impact of working memory training at different ages on humans. Finally, it demonstrates several findings about the neural substrate of training in both humans and experimental animals, including non-human primates and rodents.