A visual electrochemiluminescence molecularly imprinted sensor with Ag+@UiO-66-NH2 decorated CsPbBr3 perovskite based on smartphone for point-of-care detection of nitrofurazone

An efficient, portable and sensitive electrochemiluminescence molecularly imprinted polymer (ECL-MIP) sensor with CsPbBr3 perovskite nanomaterials (NMs) was developed based on a smartphone point-of-care testing (POCT) system. In this system, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery served as the power supply, and Ag+@UiO-66-NH2/CsPbBr3 was regarded as an ECL emitter, while the ECL signal was read-out using a smartphone. The optimal functional monomer (pyrrole) was screened by density functional theory (DFT), and then the MIP membrane was formed by the electrochemical polymerization method with template molecule (nitrofurazone, NFZ). The luminescence images were collected by the smartphone camera and the image color was analyzed by self-designed software, and the embedded artificial neural network-assisted machine learning was used for automatic analysis. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the ECL signal responded linearly to NFZ in the range of 0.5 nM ∼ 100 μM, with the detection limit of 0.09 nM. Overall, the obtained sensor exhibited good sensitivity, desirable selectivity, and favorable stability in response to NFZ. The developed smartphone-based ECL-MIP system with the portable device provided an alternative strategy for the point-of-care monitoring of biochemical analytes.