Dancing on Electrodes: Wearable Continuous Multiplexed Monitoring for Daily Diabetic Nephropathy Management

Diabetic nephropathy has become a serious public health issue, yet current continuous glucose monitoring devices fail to provide comprehensive insights for DN patients. Here, we develop a continuous multiplexed monitoring (CMM) system for the simultaneous monitoring of three key biomarkers: pH, glucose (Glu), and uric acid (UA). We propose the "W-C-W" electrode multiplexing strategy: depositing polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber to construct a pH sensor ("W" mode), then reusing this electrode as the counter electrode for Glu and UA sensors ("C" mode). This strategy enables approximately five pH calibration times for Glu and UA sensors. The sensors exhibit excellent sensing performance (sensitivities of the pH, Glu, and UA sensors are 69.7 mV/pH, 5.71 nA/mM, and 163 nA/mM, respectively) and excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. We validated the system's pH self-calibration function and long-term monitoring for Glu and UA in SD rats. The results showed the detection error decreased and a high correlation with the commercial clinical-use devices, indicating significant potential for application in daily health management for DN patients.