Protein and genomic language models uncover the unexplored diversity of bacterial immunity

with the discovery of 12 antiphage systems. Applied to over 32,000 bacterial genomes, these models expand the predicted antiphage repertoire, with ~1.5% of bacterial genomes devoted to defense and more than 85% of predicted protein families remaining uncharacterized. We provide an interactive catalog of more than 19,000 candidate operon families for experimental follow-up. Together, these findings show that most molecular diversity in bacterial immunity remains uncharacterized and provide a foundation for its systematic exploration.