Advances and Challenges in O‐SOFC / EC

Driven by carbon neutrality targets and the upgrading of hydrogen energy industry, solid oxide cells (SOCs), including solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), have attracted extensive research attention owing to their high energy conversion efficiency and dual-mode operation capability. The large-scale commercialization of SOC is severely restricted by material bottlenecks of air electrodes, fuel electrodes and electrolytes. This chapter systematically reviews the latest research progress of key functional components for high-temperature SOCs, elaborates the core degradation mechanisms of mainstream electrode and electrolyte materials, and summarizes effective material modification strategies including element doping, heterostructure construction and nanoparticle exsolution. Finally, the existing technical bottlenecks and future research directions for advanced SOC material development are prospected, aiming to provide theoretical reference for the design of high-performance, long-life reversible solid oxide electrochemical devices.