This chapter contains sections titled: Conventional Assessment of the Risk Ecological Impact of PPCPs on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes Effects of PPCPs on Invertebrates Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Aquatic Organisms Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Terrestrial Wildlife Livestock and Human Health Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Vegetation General Considerations in Long-Term PPCP Toxicity