Postdischarge Survival After Sepsis: A Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: After hospital discharge, patients who had sepsis have increased mortality. We sought to estimate factors associated with postdischarge mortality and how they vary with time after discharge. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of hospital survivors of sepsis using time-varying Cox proportional hazard models, which produce a baseline hazard ratio (HR) and a second number (δHR) that reflects the amount by which the baseline HR changes with time. RESULTS: Of the 32,244 patients who survived sepsis at hospital discharge, 13,565 patients (42%) died (mean ± standard deviation: 1.41 ± 1.87 years) after discharge from the index hospitalization, while 18,679 patients were still alive at follow-up (4.98 ± 2.86 years). The mortality rate decreased with time after discharge: approximately 8.7% of patients died during the first month after discharge, 1.1% of patients died during the 12th month after discharge, and 0.3%% died during the 60th month; after Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91%–92%) at 1 month, 76% (95% CI, 76%–77%) at 1 year, 57% (95% CI, 56%–58%) at 5 years, and 48% (95% CI, 47%–48%) at 10 years after discharge. Organ dysfunction at discharge was associated with worse survival. In particular, elevated urea nitrogen at discharge (HR, 1.10 per 10 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.08–1.12, P < .001) was associated with increased mortality, but the HR decreased with time from discharge (δHR, 0.98 per 10 mg/dL per year, 95% CI, 0.98–0.99, P < .001). Higher hemoglobin levels were associated with lower mortality (HR, 0.92 per g/dL, 95% CI, 0.91–0.93, P < .001), but this association increased with increasing time after discharge (δHR, 1.02 per g/dL per year, 95% CI, 1.01–1.02, P < .001). Older age was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR, 1.29 per decade of age, 95% CI, 1.27–1.31, P < .001) that grew with increasing time after discharge (δHR, 1.01 per year of follow-up per decade of age, 95% CI, 1.00–1.02, P < .001). Compared to private insurances Medicaid as primary insurance was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR, 1.17, 95% CI, 1.10–1.25, P < .001) that did not change with time after discharge. In contrast, Medicare status was initially associated with a similar risk of mortality as private insurance at discharge (HR, 1), but was associated with greater risk as time after discharge increased (δHR, 1.04 per year of follow-up, 95% CI, 1.03–1.05, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Acute physiologic derangements and organ dysfunction were associated with postdischarge mortality with the associations decreasing over time.