Catalytic Aromatic Oxidations

A review on catalytic oxidations of aromatic compounds using heterogeneous catalysts is presented, mainly focusing on conventional commercial processes. Historical background and distinguishing features of aromatic oxidation technologies, their chronological development, process-specific chemistry and thermodynamics, comparison with alternative routes, safety, and environmental aspects are reviewed. Promising developments in new catalysts and processes are briefly reviewed where appropriate, focusing on issues that impact catalytic activity, selectivity, and sustainability. Major advances in oxidation reactors and related safety aspects are also discussed. Homogeneous catalytic oxidations of aromatic and substituted aromatic compounds are also covered, highlighting unique features of such liquid-phase processes.