Optimizing biochar production: a review of recent progress in lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis

Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced by biomass pyrolysis, is valued for soil amendment, carbon sequestration and environmental remediation. Optimum biochar production depends on understanding key factors, including feedstock characteristics, pyrolysis conditions and modification methods. This review examines various pyrolysis techniques, ranging from well-established to new methods, assessing their mechanisms, strengths and limitations for large-scale production. It emphasizes the importance of feedstock selection, pyrolysis conditions and modification methods in affecting biochar yield and properties. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to provide insights into optimizing biochar production for sustainable utilization of lignocellulosic biomass resources.