Proton exchange membrane fuel cells: recent developments and future perspectives

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have demonstrated significant potential as environmentally friendly energy alternatives. Innovations in the affordability and durability of fuel cell catalysts have facilitated the large-scale commercialization of clean electric power. This review article introduces the working principle and key components of PEMFCs, as well as their application in transportation, electricity generation, industry, heat and power supply, and portable power sources. The technical progress and research developments of PEMFCs in terms of membrane electrode assembly, gas diffusion layers, proton exchange membranes, bipolar plates, and catalyst layers are reviewed. These advances illuminate new pathways for hydrogen technology and fuel cell applications, reinforcing the global transition towards a sustainable energy future.