Fermented Wheat Germ Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Maternal Obesity in Rats: Insights from Microbiome and Metabolomics

Maternal obesity significantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus. Fermented wheat germ (FWG) has demonstrated the potential to improve metabolic disorders, yet its effects have not been explored in maternal obesity models. This study investigated the ameliorating impact of FWG in rats with maternal obesity, focusing on its mechanisms through biochemical, gut microbiome, and serum metabolomics analysis. The results demonstrated that FWG was more effective than wheat germ in reducing body weight gain and fat accumulation, improving glycolipid metabolism disorders, and alleviating inflammation. Specifically, FWG modulated the composition of gut microbiota by fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Corynebacterium) while suppressing genera associated with maternal obesity (e.g., Blautia, Akkermansia, Dorea_A, and Faecousia). Furthermore, FWG modified high-fat diet-induced metabolites, primarily affecting pyrimidine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that FWG may serve as a promising dietary intervention for mitigating maternal obesity and improving pregnancy outcomes.