Microfluidic organoid-slice-on-a-chip system for studying anti-cholangiocarcinoma drug efficacy and hepatorenal toxicity

due to patient variability. Post-treatment, RLS and RKS cell viability remained high at 75.67% and 81.03%, respectively, suggesting low hepatorenal toxicity of T-DM1 for treating cholangiocarcinoma. Our study demonstrates the use of an organoid-slice-on-a-chip (OSOC) platform for personalized drug efficacy and toxicity assessment, particularly aiming at leveraging anticancer drugs for off-label use to save patient lives.