PD-1 mediates microglia polarization via the MAPK signaling pathway to protect blood-brain barrier function during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

Cerebral ischemia is characterized by its rapid onset and high rates of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality, with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability playing a vital role in brain injury. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanism which regulates the BBB during cerebral ischemia.